In cows that develop endometritis, the bacterial flora is not eliminated from the uterus, causing the endometrium to become inflamed.

The great majority of cows suffer from bacterial contamination of the uterus after calving.

The causal organisms usually reach the uterus from the vagina at coitus, insemination, parturition or postpartum.

Endometritis is a localized inflammation of the uterine lining, associated with chronic postpartum infection of the uterus with pathogenic bacteria.By avoiding diseased breeding bulls the pathogenic organisms causing abortion may be controlled.Diseased bulls should not be allowed for breeding.Skipping of AI and intrauterine infusions may be considered for uterine pathology.Do Artificial Insemination twice at each oestrus preferably at 12 or 24 hrs intervals.Mineral mixture supplementation should be done to breeding animals.Bring the animal into positive nutritive balance.Animal will not conceive even after three successive inseminations.Environmental stress during first week after breeding may lead to early embryonic death.Long period of feeding estrogenic forages may affect the embryo survival.Deficiency of Selenium and Vitamin E may cause early embryonic death.The organisms Trichomonas fetus, Campylobacter fetus, Brucella abortus and IBR-IPV which may cause early embryonic death.Inability of gametes to reach one another.Inability of the sperm to fertilize a viable ovum.Defective ovum or ageing of ovum may leads to fertilization failure.Due to deficient Luteinizing Hormone release, delayed ovulation or failure of ovulation may leads to fertilization failure.Animals come to heat and not conceived after three successive inseminations are called repeat breeder.Uterine pathology and hormonal stimuli should be handled by qualified veterinary doctor.

After breeding the animals should be checked for pregnancy within 45-60 days by qualified veterinary doctor.

TANUVAS Mineral mixture may be supplemented.

Etc., and at least small amount of green fodder along with other roughages.

Extra feeding of a concentrate mixture or grains like maize, Cholam, kambu.

This requires rectal examination by qualified veterinary doctor. In this cyclical changes in the genital organs occurs but the signs of heat are not exhibited or not observed.

Silent / weak / Suboestrus are most common in buffalo cows and common in post partum period.

Provision of adequate lighting to improve oestrus detection.

Teaser bulls (vasectomized or by applying apron) are useful in identifying heat in large number of animals especially buffalo cows.

Wall charts, breeding wheels, herd monitors and individual cow records may be used for identify the oestrus.

The dairy animals should be observed for heat signs at least three times a day.

Unobserved oestrum may be due to managerial deficiencies and short period of oestrus.

In suckling animals prolactin may reduces the ovarian sensitivity.

Closely confined dark stables, lack of exercise combined with nutritive factors.

Senility, chronic debilitating disease like JD, TB etc., seasonal and environmental influences and heavy lactation (negative energy balance) may predispose anoestrus.

Anoestrus due to persistent corpus luteum, conditions associated with uterine pathology such as pyometra, mummified foetus, foetal maceration, mucometra and hydrometra and.

Failure to recognize that an animal is pregnant.

A low plane of nutrition, lack of energy and protein, deficiency of minerals namely P, Co, Fe, Cu, I, Mn and Vitamin A.

Failure to detect / observe oestrus signs.This is a metabolic disorder of dairy animals.This is not easy as most rivers have children playing around the banks.Obstetrics and Gynecological conditions of Cattle and Buffalo As we are required to change and clean the nyanda once it is soaked, we have to stop and use a nearby river or shallow well to clean ourselves. The flow during menstruation is intensified as opposed to when you are at home. Travelling long distances when we are on our period is a challenge. At night, we need to be extra careful not to stain the beddings, so sometimes we need to go out and change up to every three hours. Depending on the menstruation flow, we can change the rags between three to five times a day. вЂIf married, our husband is not supposed to see any piece of cloth that we are using, so the rags are carefully secured in a small plastic bag which we hang on a top corner close to the ceiling in the bedroom this we do to ensure that our men do not have any close contact with that bag, even when we are not on our period.

Cow vag